Ooo+Baby+Baby

=__An Comparison of Child Developmen____t Theories__= =Chris Canova=

Oral-Sensory Stage || **Birth - 18 months. The infant derives pleasure from oral stimulation. As a result, one of the most satisfying activities an infant can perform is eating. Freud believes that the child's desire to suck, bite, and swallow things is its way of fulfilling its sexual urges. During this phase, the child's personality is controlled by the id.** || Birth - 1 year. The main conflict in this stage in development, according to Erikson, is trust vs. mistrust. During this stage, the infant is almost entirely dependent on others for its survival, and as a result his or her ability to trust others to pull through is tested. If his needs are satisfied, then the baby develops trust both in others and himself, but if they are not met, the baby will develop mistrust and will be timid and withdrawn. || Muscular-Anal Stage || **18 months - 3 years. During the anal stage, the child derives pleasure from defecating. As a result, many children defecate just to receive the pleasure it brings. This desire puts the child at odds with his or her parents, and as a result the ego is developed because the child realizes that he or she cannot do what he wants to do when he wants to do it.** || 1-3 years. During the Muscular-anal stage the child's main internal conflict becomes autonomy vs. shame and doubt. The child learns to talk, feed itself, and walk. The child starts to become autonomous, but he is greatly affected by parent feedback, which can either encourage the autonomy or cause shame and doubt in the child if he is constantly rebuked. || Locomotor-Genital Stage || **6 years - 11 years. During this time the child's identification with his or her parent of the same sex becomes stronger. This child also begins to emulate the beliefs and morals of his or her culture more proficiently, and as a result the super-ego becomes more developed. Children prefer the company of their own sex.** || 3-5 years. During Erikson's locomotor-enital stage, the main internal conflict in the child is initiative vs. guilt. During this stage the child develops a sense of initiative to perform certain activities. However, this inititiative can oftentimes spurn guilt in the child for negative initiatives and actions. The child begins to emulate the adult world. || Latency Stage || **11 years - 18 years. During the Genital Stage, children derive pleasure from excretion of bodily fluids and masturbation. The super-ego continues to develop, and more maturity and complex relationships begin to develop.** || 6-11 years. During Erikson's latency stage, the child begins to demonstrate goals related to building, creating, and accomplishing. The child can start feeling feelings of inadequacy if his or her goals and deeds are dissaproved of by peers. As a result, this stage in life is the socially determinant stage for children. ||
 * Stages of Development || **Freud** || Erikson ||
 * **Oral Stage**
 * **Anal Stage**
 * **Phallic Stage** || **3 years - 6 years. During the Phallic Stage, the child has a new facsination with his or her genitles. During this time the child develops the Oedipus Complex, in which he loathes his father and is in love with his mother, and vice versa for girls in which it is called the Electra Complex. At the end of the phallic stage, the children begin to actually identify with their sex.** || n/a ||
 * **Latency Stage**
 * **Genital Stage**
 * Adolescence ||  || 11-18 years. The adolescence stage is marked by a continuation of the child to find his or her identity. The child puts much more emphasis on appearance and idoltry is frequent. There is a conflict between child morality and adult moraltiy and also a conflict over sexual identity. ||


 * || **Achievement Timeline** ||  ||   ||   ||
 * **One Month** ||< Infants in this age group have the ability to focus on one object in their line of vision. In addition, infants at one months reduce their activity level when spoken to. They also have basic reflexes. These include a sucking reflex, a basic grab reflex, and a babinski reflex, and they can differentiate between certain tastes and sounds. ||<  ||
 * < **Two Months** ||< By the second month, an infant's eyes will follow a person as they move about. Infants in this stage can also oftentimes sit with support and they can be found raising their heads more often. ||
 * < **Three Months** ||< At this point, infants can hold their heads up at 45 degree levels, and they begin to coo and cuddle. All previous skills are improved upon. ||
 * < **Four Months** ||< At this stage, babies begin to roll around in any direction they please as well as put things in their mouths. ||
 * < **Five Months** ||< At this stage, when infants are pulled to a sitting position, their headsmove with their body. The babies begin to squeel and play with fingers. ||
 * < **Six Months** ||< Six month old babies make noises and 'talk' to their toys. They show more desire to communicate. ||
 * < **Seven Months** ||< Infantsat this age can briefly sit on hard surfaces. In addition, they can begin to string together vowel sounds. ||
 * < **Eight Months** ||< During this age, infants show many advances in physical development. They can begin to turn themselves with their arms as well as gain the ability to pick up small objects with their fingers. ||
 * < **Nine Months** ||< At the age of nine months, babies gain the ability to stand with support. ||
 * < **Ten Months** ||< By the tenth month, infants can say 'mama' and 'dada' and begin to look at toys in new ways. ||
 * < **Eleven Months** ||< By this point infants can stand alone and walk with support of furniture or other objects. ||
 * < **Twelve Months** ||< By one year of age, babies can walk while holding someone's hand and they gain the ability to say a few more words. ||  ||